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August 1993...$5.00
CONTENTS
6 EDITORIAL
8 PERSPECTIVES - By Alec Moncreith
When Johann Sebastian Bach visited Potsdam in 1747, he found King Frederick the
Great ready to talk music.
10 PERSONALITY - By Tim DeForest
In 1813, Sweden entered the war against Napoleon led by one of the French emperor's
former marshals.
18 WEAPONRY - By Charles W. Gardner
Too poor to bear arms, the rowers of Athenian triremes strained to turn their ships into
deadly weapons.
24 ESPIONAGE - By John Mancini
On April 30, 1945, Adolf Hitler committed suicide just as the OSS had predicted.
30 Crusade's Strange Twist - By Richard McCaffery Robinson
After repulsing the crusaders' assault on April 9, 1204, Byzantine Emperor Alexius V
(the third Emperor Alexius in a year) declared to his people: "I am the best emperor you
have ever had. I will dishonor and hang them all."
38 Fighter Pilot's Paradise - Interview by Jon Guttman
On June 3, 1942, Italian pilot Faliero Gelli found himself alone over Malta, attacked by
seven Supermarine Spitfires. "I whipped my Macchi around, firing all over the place," he
recalled. "The next thing I knew, a Spitfire was going down, smoking."
46 Steady, Boys, Steady! - By A. B. Feuer
Captain David G. Farragut's decision to dash past the two forts guarding the approach to
New Orleans was complicated by a barricade of chained hulks across the Mississippi and a
polyglot collection of Confederate warships.
54 Boers'Worst Enemies - By John Brown
Surrounded at Elands River and urged to surrender by the Boers, the British colonel replied:
"Even if I wished to surrender to you and I don't I am commanding Australians who could
cut my throat if I accepted your terms."
62 Unsung War Artists - By Peter Harrington
Aficionados of military art have praised the "patriotic" works of French, British and
American military painters while labeling the less widely viewed works of German artists
"militaristic."
70 BOOKS - By Edmund Sheldon
Whether as freedom fighters or oppressors, the exuberant Cossacks did nothing in half
measures.
74 TRAVEL - By Allan M. Petnllo
Henry VIII divorced his wife then fortified the English coast against invasion.
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October 1993...$5.00
CONTENTS
6 EDITORIAL
8 PERSONALITY - By Jon Guttman
Matilda of Canossa was skilled at embroidety, languages, horsemanship...and warfare.
12 WEAPONRY - By A. B. Feuer
Forty-five years after being declared obsolete, Richard Gatling's weapon underwent a
remarkable resurrection.
20 PERSPECTIVES - By Roma Sachs Freedman
Throughout the Civil War, thousands of immigrants fought for their adopted country in
both blue and gray.
28 ESPIONAGE - By M. Foster Farley
Dalip Singh felt that Queen Victoria had no more right to the Kohinoor diamond "than I have
to Windsor Castle."
30 Exocet Fixed On Target - Interview by Michael E. Haskew
"For us the loss of Sheffield was the equivalent of the loss of General Belgrano for the
Argentines," remarked Admiral John "Sandy" Woodward. "It focused in our minds that this
was a real war that people were getting killed."
38 Armistice Enforced By Cannon - By Kenneth P. Czech
Ordered to stay out of Navarino Bay by the Turks, Vice Adm. Sir Edward Codrington replied:
"I am come not to receive orders, but to give them; and if any shot be fired at the allied
fleet, the Turkish fleet shall be destroyed."
46 Goal With Price To Be Paid - By Thomas Fleming
General Hunter Liggett, commander of the U.S. Army's I Corps, described the Argonne Forest
as "a natural fortress, beside which the Wilderness in which Grant and Lee fought was a park."
54 King's Horse Tested - By Eric Niderost
Driven from London by the Parliamentarians, King Charles I placed command of his loyal
cavalry in the hands of his nephew, Prince Rupert - a 22-year-old dandy with a first-rate
military mind.
60 Invasion Attempt Repeated - By Paul V. Walsh
The Mongols had driven the Japanese back into the ancient fortress of Muzuki, but they had
nearly expended all of their arrows in the process. And now their Korean sea captains were
warning of a possible storm that evening.
70 BOOKS - By Michael D. Hull
Said Winston Churchill of the day the Germans invaded Russia: "On that date, I knew we
would not lose the war.'
76 TRAVEL - By Gregory Lalire
The Battle of Cedar Creek made Phil Sheridan a hero and helped get Abraham Lincoln re-elected.
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CONTENTS
August 1994...$5.00
CONTENTS
6 EDITORIAL
8 WEAPONRY
Under a castle-like church in a picturesque German town, something was "cooking"uranium.
- By Dennis Burnside
10 ESPIONAGE
Little did British General Charles Cornwallis suspect that the slave he employed as a
spy was already working for the other side. - By John H. Waller
20 PERSPECTIVES - By Napoleon Bonaparte
A former French emperor reaches back over the centuries to analyze Julius Caesar's
Commentaries On the Gallic War.
30 Victory Never to be Forgotten - By Eric Niderost
Long after Sir Arthur Wellesley had become the Duke of Wellington, long after his
triumphs in Spain and at Waterloo, he was asked to cite the best thing he had ever
done in battle. Without hesitation, he replied: "Assaye."
38 Sent Into Action Unprepared - Interview by Jon Guttman
The B-24 aircrews of the 449th Bomb Group paid a heavy price for their
inadequate training. "In a little less than six months," recalled navigator Don Currier,
"of the 17 crews that I went overseas with, 10 were shot down."
46 Generals At Odds - By Jeffry D. Wert
James Longstreet disagreed with General Robert E. Lee's decision to attack at
Gettysburg: "If the enemy is there, it will be because he is anxious that we should
attack him a good reason, in my judgment, for not doing so."
54 Rout Finally Achieved - By Uzal E. Ent
By August 11, 1950, North Korean attackers were infiltrating all around Yongsan.
"There are dozens of enemy and American forces all over the area," remarked one
American regimental commander, "and they are surrounding each other."
62 Illustrating War - By Jon Guttman
In 1190 BC, Pharaoh Ramses III was concerned with depicting his enemies being
slaughtered and scattered. In 1982 AD, Prince Andrew just wanted his role in the
Falklands War portrayed as it wasno more, no less.
70 REVIEWS - By C. Brian Kelly
Some of Military History's contributors have gone on to bigger things as the authors of
books.
74 PERSONALITY - By Gerard J. De Groot
Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig claimed: "I have only been the instrument to carry out
the Almighty's intentions."
82 TRAVEL By Dave Page
Once "caught in the backwash" of history, Port Hudson is now one of the best preserved
Civil War battlefields.
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December 1994...$5.00
CONTENTS
6 EDITORIAL
8 PERSONALITY - By Mark Lawson and Jon Guttman
Lieutenant General John Monash made up for a lack of flair with an engineer's detailed
approach to battle tactics.
10 WEAPONRY - By Charles Hilbert
Conditioned to fight from birth, the Spartan hoplite was a lethal weapon in himself.
20 ESPIONAGE - By Joe Rychetnik
Before the Mexican War broke out, a Marine in mufti helped lay the groundwork for the
American invasion of California.
26 PERSPECTIVES - By George Hagerman
After establishing China as a sea power in Asia, Admiral Cheng Ho set sail westward,
for points unknown.
30 Bastogne Belatedly Besieged - By David H. Lippman
At VIII Corps headquarters, Brig. Gen. Anthony C. McAuliffe assured his commander,
Maj. Gen. Troy H. Middleton, that his paratroopers could hold Bastogne. Middleton promised
his support and added: "Now don't get yourself surrounded, Tony."
38 Wargaming's Widening Wired - By Peter P. Perk
From such deceptively simple ancient games as Chinese Go and Indian Chaturanga, the art of
simulating war and strategy on a board has acquired ever-increasing levels of sophistication
and realism.
46 Stung by Mosquitoes - By John D.Pelzer
After a ragtag Confederate fleet managed to chase off a Yankee squadron, New Orleans'
Daily Picayune trumpeted: "This will rank with the most brilliant and daring achievements
of the war." But the war was only six months old.
54 Revolutionary Upheaval Survived - By Alexander Dubrovolsky, as told to Nicholas A. Dodge
After completing his education between engagements with the Bolsheviks, Alexander
Dubrovolsky served as an officer of engineers in Admiral Alexander Kolchak's White Russian
Army.
62 Daring Rescue Deep in Iraq - Interview by Ed Herlik
With Iraqi troops closing in, Special Forces Sgt. 1st Class Robert M. DeGroff
requested fighter pilot Captain Bill Andrews to drop his bombs within 100 meters of his
position, then shouted to his men: "Take cover...! This is going to be close!"
70 REVIEWS - By Richard P. Montpelier
Ejected from Georgetown College for his secessionist speeches, Thomas N. Conrad soon
returned to Washington, D.C. as a Rebel spy.
74 TRAVEL - By Eric Niderost
Organized in 1741, the Artillery Company of Newport, R.I., evolved into a repository for
America's military past.
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April 1995...$5.00
CONTENTS
6 EDITORIAL
8 PERSONALITY - By William Weir
As he faced the barbarian forces, Byzantine General Narses was prepared to use his cavalry
but not in the traditional fashion.
10 ESPIONAGE - By Timothy Prendergast
Disregarding readily available intelligence on the Zulu army, Lord Chelmsford led his
British invasion force to disaster.
18 WEAPONRY - By Art Reid
Dubbed "miniature destroyers" by Tokyo Rose, LCS(L)s were, inch for inch, the most heavily
armed amphibious craft in the U.S. Pacific Fleet.
26 PERSPECTIVES - By Phil Rodgers
A private quarrel between the houses of York and Lancaster led to a street fight at St.
Albans and ultimately to an epic war.
30 Taking Charge Under Fire - Interview by Jon Guttman
With his ship, the destroyer Kidd, struck by a Japanese suicide plane, a wounded Lieutenant
Burdick H. Brittin took over for his disabled captain, to find the bridge "a shambles,
including many dead and wounded."
38 Cao Cao: Ancient China's Military Master - By Karl W. Eikenberry
In the popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms, he is the cunning, complex villain that Chinese readers and theatergoers love to hate, but the 3rd-century warlord of Wei also left behind a rich legacy for students of military science.
46 Civil War's Longest Siege - By Michael E. Haskew
After reeling back under a relentless Union advance on Petersburg, General P.G.T. Beauregard
cabled General Robert E. Lee: "The last hour of the Confederacy has arrived." In fact, that
final hour would go on for 10 agonizing months.
54 Maida: Britain to the Rescue - By Giovanni Flores
k
"Vive I'Empereur! A h, baionette!" shouted the French light infantry as their columns
plunged toward the British line on July 4, 1806. "Steady light infantry,' the British
officers calmly told their troops. "Let them come close!"
62 Dawning of Imperialist Japan - By Mark E. Neely, Jr., and Sylvia Neely
A century ago, the Treaty of Shimonoseki brought the Sino-Japanese War to an end.
Japan had won by merging East and West in her armed forces a trend that was also reflected
in the triptychs her war artists produced.
70 REVIEWS - By Richard P. Montpelier
If Hitler had done these things, would WWII have had a different outcome?
74 TRAVEL - By Rich Hanson
At Athens, Missouri, Colonel David Moore prepared to defend the Union against a Rebel
force that included his three sons.
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CONTENTS
6 EDITORIAL
8 ESPIONAGE - By Pierre Comtois
In 1901, self-taught soldier Frederick Funston set out to match wits with the elusive
Filipino rebel Emilio Aguinaldo.
10 WEAPONRY - By Keith W. Bennett
Murderous at close range, the lightweight carronade was dubbed the "Devil Gun"
by Napoleon Bonaparte.
22 PERSONALITY - By Gary P. Hutchinson
Coolness and tenacity in the performance of his duties won Francisco Franco Bahamonde
respect, if not many friends.
30 STONEWALL'S FORGOTTEN MASTERPIECE - By E. Prescott Engle
With General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia divided and his battle plan in
Union hands, Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson did not have much time left to eliminate the
Federal garrison at Harpers Ferry.
38 THE BATTLESHIPS OF GDANSK - By Zbigniew Flisowski
"What my father had done for the army, I intend to do for my navy," announced Kaiser
Wilhelm II of Germany, and he commissioned the Ferdinand Schichau shipyard to help
build his great fleet in the years prior to World War I.
46 Ambush at Kadesh - By Robert Collins Suhr
King Muwutallis' trap had worked perfectly. His Hittites had routed two Egyptiai
divisions and cut off their king, Ramses II. But his soldiers could not resist lootin
the Egyptian camp and Ramses was not yet ready to concede defeat.
54 Scouting Guadalcanal - Interview by Kathleen D. Valenzi
Scouting was often stressful, said Marine Corporal Michael C. Capraro, "but I had decided
that if I had to die, I would rather do it on patrol where I had some control, rather
than just huddle in a foxhole and helplessly watch the bombers come over."
62 THERMONUCLEAR LEGACY - By Robert F. Dorr
While considering the use of atomic bombs in Korea in February 1953, Secretar State
John F. Dulles noted that Soviet strategists set such weapons in a special category,
but that the United States "should try to break down this false distinct!
70 REVIEWS - By Richard P. Montpelier
Of almost 400 men that Nan tucket contributed to the Union cause during the Civil War,
73 did not return.
74 TRAVEL - By David T. Zabecki
"Guns & Guts" are annually put to the test at Britain's Royal Tournament.
82 PERSPECTIVES - By Gordon Browne
At the Little Bighorn, Major Marcus Reno's officers regarded him as more a liability
than a commander.
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June 1996...$5.00
CONTENTS
6 EDITORIAL
8 LETTERS
10 PERSONALITY
Even at age 80, Samuel Whittemore was ready to march off to battle. By Patrick J. Leonard
17 WEAPONRY - By Larry Grupp
The phenomenon known as the Misznay-Schardin effect saw practical use in the Claymore
mine.
24 INTRIGUE - By Kent A. Valentine
In 1976, Israeli commandos gambled on a long shot to rescue hostages from terrorists.
30 CAVALRY CLASH AT HANOVER - By Geoffrey Skelton
On the morning of June 30, 1863, Hanover Road seemed clear for Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart's
Confederate cavalry. As he neared Hanover, however, Stuart crested a ridge and was
greeted by the sight of blue-coated riders as far as the eye could see.
38 BUTLER'S BATTLIN'BLUE BASTARDS - Interview by Matthew Cappellini
In December 1944, Lt. Col. McClernand Butler's 3rd Battalion of the 395th
Infantry repulsed the Germans at Hofen. According to Butler, "We were outnumbered 6-to-l,
and we got credit for destroying the enemy at the rate of 16-to-l."
46 Zulu Mountain Trap Sprung - By William Watson Race and Jon Guttman
Lt. Col. Frederick Augustus Weatherley and Captain Robert Barton led their cavalry in a
desperate attempt to ride through the approaching abaQulusi. But the abaQulusi line held,
and the troopers crumbled before a forest of assegais.
54 THE INVASION THAT NEVER - By Dan S. Wages
In the summer of 1385, King Charles VI of France and Duke Philip the Bold of Burgundy
began planning a two-pronged cross-Channel invasion "to give alarm to the English, and
see how they will behave."
62 Seeds of Defeat Sown at Quatre Bras - By Eric Niderost
As Napoleon's army neared the crossroads at Quatre Bras, General de Division Honore
Charles Reille was uneasy. "This could be like one of those battles in Spain," he
remarked, "where the English show themselves only at the critical moment."
70 REVIEWS - By Jon Guttman
After the Spanish-American War, the New York Herald said, "Now we have learned the value
of sea power for a nation situated like ours."
74 PERSPECTIVES - By Marco Picone-Chiodo
Italy's bloodiest medieval battle was self-inflicted, as rival political factions and
families collided near Montaperti.
89 MILITARIA MARKETPLACE
90 BEST LITTLE STORIES - By C. Brian Kelly
One of Napoleon's engineers made his mark in the Blue Ridge Mountains.
